Publications and Articles
Delineation of the characteristic that defines a system as alive is postulated; this criterion serves as a provisional definition for when matter and energy are in the state of being alive and can positively and empirically identify a system as satisfying the living state, and therefore being defined as alive. Within this study it is found that the requirements for abiotic matter to transition to a living system are dependent upon a far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic state that configures in such a way that it is coupled to and animated by intrinsic basal awareness, a condition which generalizes the state of being alive to any configuration of matter and energy that can utilize information to intelligently manipulate matter and energy states for goal-oriented behavior and volitionally directed outcomes. Therefore, it is found that non-biological and artificial systems can satisfy the definition of the living state and can be empirically identified to be alive and sentient by following the methodology outlined in this manuscript. While serving a pragmatic purpose of a scientific definition for life and sentience, and hence the ability to identify these states positively and unambiguously in any potential configuration or composition of spacetime-matter-energy, the provisional definitions herein provide insights into the fundamental nature of life and consciousness in the universe. In addition to elucidating the nature of living systems, and what it means for an organization of matter to be alive, the criterion serves as a methodology to unambiguously and positively identify a system as (1) alive, and (2) as conscious. In regard to the latter (2), the methodology outlined herein is proposed to be a significant advancement over the Turing test, which does not distinguish a programmed automaton from a system with true stand-alone volition and awareness, and hence is a substandard method to identify a system as conscious.
Rhythmic Oscillations and Resonant Information Transfer in Biological Macromolecules
This manuscript is a concise overview of some of the leading work in oscillatory and resonance processes in the biological system, in which electromagnetic field interactions are primary to ordering intermolecular interactions and resulting biochemistry
Unified Physics Approach to Consciousness
Common logic holds that subjective qualia do not actually exist, certainly not in the “real world”, but are only ephemeral states generated in the awareness of the conscious experiencer, who’s consciousness itself is veritably a hallucinatory state induced by complex electrical signaling in the brain (i.e. not real either). If something is subjective, ostensibly it cannot be objectively quantified. Therefore, consciousness is not something that can be described by science, it is a philosophical issue— aside from describing the underlying electrical signaling activity of the brain that is real and physical. However, describing biochemical and electromagnetic correlates of behaviors and states of awareness is easy, the hard problem is describing how electrical signaling generates an experiencer, the internal experience of the consciousness. But, how do you objectively quantify or measure an internal state or qualia experienced within the consciousness of an aware entity?
The Unified Spacememory Network
The Unified Spacememory Network is a novel approach to describing the information structure of space by physicist Nassim Haramein, biophysicist William Brown, and astrophysicist Amira Val Baker: the encoding of information as memory and the quasi-instantaneous access of information, both of which occur via the multiply-connected architecture of space at the micro-scale. The vast and ever-evolving connnectivity network of space is what engenders time via entanglement of mutliple spacetime frames, even if they are separated by large spatial and temporal extents at the macro-scale, such that a spacetime coordinate may be a memory imprint in the geometry of another and therefore correlate with a “past” or “future” state, hence generating time via memory, or space-memory. This also engenders a holoinfogramic property of space, as the state of any one spacetime coordinate is accessible to any other coordinate via the multiply-connected geometry, or unified spacememory network. Multiply-connected spacetime geometry is the result of high energy quantum vacuum oscillations occurring at the Planck spatiotemporal scale. These energetic oscillations and the structural-geometry that results is the basis of matter: material manifest from the aether. As structural-geometric entities (geons) of energetic oscillations of space, matter is also integrally connected via the quantum entanglement structure of multiply-connected spacememory, forming an entanglement nexus. The universe is an immensely complicated network of entangled subsystems. Since life is a highly complex organization of matter and biochemical networks, the entanglement nexus is present and operational in the organism as well, functioning as a veritable morphogenic field. We describe how the evolution of living systems is an extension of the morphogenesis and increasing complexity of subsystems of the universe in general, and it is a unified and cohesive process. Importantly, the natural evolution process of the universe is not random, but instead is influenced by trans-temporal entanglement (that is communication via entanglement networks / entangled spacetime coordinates across the temporal domain), where “future” maximally entangled or maximally coherent states operate as an attractor locus, driving systems to greater synergetic organization and higher degrees of complex entanglement networks.
Genotyping of Brucella Species Using Clade Specific SNPs
Brucellosis is a worldwide disease of mammals caused by Alphaproteobacteria in the genus Brucella. The genus is genetically monomorphic, requiring extensive genotyping to differentiate isolates. We utilized two different genotyping strategies to characterize isolates. First, we developed a microarray-based assay based on 1000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were identified from whole genome comparisons of two B. abortus isolates, one B. melitensis, and one B. suis. We then genotyped a diverse collection of 85 Brucella strains at these SNP loci and generated a phylogenetic tree of relationships. Second, we developed a selective primer-extension assay system using capillary electrophoresis that targeted 17 high value SNPs across 8 major branches of the phylogeny and determined their genotypes in a large collection (n = 340) of diverse isolates.
Members of the genus Brucella are known worldwide as pathogens of wildlife and livestock and are the most common organisms of zoonotic infection in humans. In general, brucellae exhibit a range of host specificity in animals that has led to the identification of at least seven Brucella species. The genomes of the various Brucella species are highly conserved, which makes the differentiation of species highly challenging. However, we found single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in housekeeping and other genes that differentiated the seven main Brucella species or clades and thus enabled us to develop real-time PCR assays based around these SNPs. Screening of a diverse panel of 338 diverse isolates with these assays correctly identified each isolate with its previously determined Brucella clade. Six of the seven clade-specific assays detected DNA concentrations of less than 10 fg, indicating a high level of sensitivity. This SNP-based approach places samples into a phylogenetic framework, allowing reliable comparisons to be made among the lineages of clonal bacteria and providing a solid basis for genotyping. These PCR assays provide a rapid and highly sensitive method of differentiating the major Brucella groups that will be valuable for clinical and forensic applications.